. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Fig. 9. Ventral views of the right sides of male genitalia: A. X. iXylocopa) mlga. B. testis* aeratus. C. X. (Prosopoxylocopa) mirabilis. D. X. (Bomboixylocopa) rufipes. E. X. (Clenoxylocopa) fenestmta. F Pwxylocopa* (Proxi/locopa) rufa. Abbreviations: i = internal medial projection, ma = medial apodeme, ml= medial lobe. Scale = 1 mm. *Regarded as a subge- nus of Xylocopa herein. 54. Posterior margin of male T7.—(0) Entire; (1) with pair of
. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Fig. 9. Ventral views of the right sides of male genitalia: A. X. iXylocopa) mlga. B. testis* aeratus. C. X. (Prosopoxylocopa) mirabilis. D. X. (Bomboixylocopa) rufipes. E. X. (Clenoxylocopa) fenestmta. F Pwxylocopa* (Proxi/locopa) rufa. Abbreviations: i = internal medial projection, ma = medial apodeme, ml= medial lobe. Scale = 1 mm. *Regarded as a subge- nus of Xylocopa herein. 54. Posterior margin of male T7.—(0) Entire; (1) with pair of dentiform projections. State 1 is not found in the outgroup. 55. Penis valves.—(0) Apically expanded (Figs. 8A, 8B, 8C, 9D); (1) slender and parallel (Fig. 9A, 9C). Though some outgroup taxa have relatively slender penis valves they are not as slender and parallel-sided as in State 1, so I have tentatively inferred this condition to be apomorphic in the Xylocopini. Phylogenetic Analyses Four separate sets of analyses (described below) were made. For each analysis the matrix was first analyzed with all characters weighted equally and a second time using successive approximation weighting (Farris, 1988). Succes- sive approximation is an a posteriori character weighting procedure that weights each character based on its best performance (= fewest steps) in the previous analysis. The weighting scheme is applied repeatedly until weights of all characters stabilize. Before each successive approxima- tion analysis the characters are coded in additive binary form to insure that the weights assigned to states of multistate characters are correct. The alternative coding method for such characters is with all states in one col- umn. Coding multistate characters in the latter way can result in assignment of an average weight of all states; if coded in additive binary form, both characters that per- form poorly (show high homoplasy) receive more weight and characters that perform well (
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