. Johnson's new universal cyclopaedia : a scientific and popular treasury of useful knowledge. tho iron shieldwas left an open one. Experiments to determine tlie con-struction comnieiieed as early as 1SG2, and are fully de-scribed in English publications, (Im/. l*iip,rHHoifitt Eiujinrrrt, vcds. xili., xiv., xvi., xvii., xviii., xix.;firport of the Sprritil CitmmxtUf on thf Oihniltur ,Sfi{iifin ;/trport of /run Phitr Cummitlrr, vtc.) The failure of tho•• Gibraltar shields (/. <?. shields which bad been preparedfor the new works at Gibraltar and Malta) umbr the ex-perimental firings
. Johnson's new universal cyclopaedia : a scientific and popular treasury of useful knowledge. tho iron shieldwas left an open one. Experiments to determine tlie con-struction comnieiieed as early as 1SG2, and are fully de-scribed in English publications, (Im/. l*iip,rHHoifitt Eiujinrrrt, vcds. xili., xiv., xvi., xvii., xviii., xix.;firport of the Sprritil CitmmxtUf on thf Oihniltur ,Sfi{iifin ;/trport of /run Phitr Cummitlrr, vtc.) The failure of tho•• Gibraltar shields (/. <?. shields which bad been preparedfor the new works at Gibraltar and Malta) umbr the ex-perimental firings (Oct. anti Dec, ISG7, and .Ian., 1868),to give tho resistiinoe ex|iepted, and the not altogether sat-isfactory triala of tho * Plymouth breakwater oxperi- i:UO IRON RIDGE—IRONS. mental construction (June, 1868), appear to have tempor-arily arrested proffrcss in the application of iron to theotherwise nearly completed works. Renewed experimentsfinally led to the adoption of a shield construction (see tor section of shield as fixed in tho casemate), describedas follows: Fig. as so satisfactory that were new works to be built but avery slight modification would be made in the arrangementof masonry and iron. An additional iron pluic may boadded whenever greater thickness may be judged neces-sary. For points of peculiar character and very great import-ance, the artificial or otherwise contracted sites of whiehrequire the greatest possilde concentration of guns, andwhich may be closely npproaehed and enveloped by hostilefire, a type of works like the Plymouth breakwater forthas been adopted; the eharacteristie being a rantiiiuouaenvelope n/ irun arnuiid that part of the icork oecnpied hygun caaematei. Fig. 2 gives a ground-plan of a casemaloFig. 2.
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1880, bookidjohnsonsnewu, bookyear1881
