Fishes . pondyli 279 figiired. Numerous herring, referred to Clupea, but belongingrather to Ponwlobus, or other non-Arctic genera, have beendescribed from the Eocene and later rocks. Several American fossil herring-like fishes, of the genusLeptosomiis, as Leptosomus percrassus, are found in the Cretaceousof South Dakota Fossil species doubtfully referred to Dorosoma, but perhapsallied rather to the thread-herring {Opisthonema), being herringswith a prolonged dorsal ray, are recorded from the early Ter-tiary of Europe. Among these is Opisthonema doljeanum fromAustria. The Dorosomatidae. — The g
Fishes . pondyli 279 figiired. Numerous herring, referred to Clupea, but belongingrather to Ponwlobus, or other non-Arctic genera, have beendescribed from the Eocene and later rocks. Several American fossil herring-like fishes, of the genusLeptosomiis, as Leptosomus percrassus, are found in the Cretaceousof South Dakota Fossil species doubtfully referred to Dorosoma, but perhapsallied rather to the thread-herring {Opisthonema), being herringswith a prolonged dorsal ray, are recorded from the early Ter-tiary of Europe. Among these is Opisthonema doljeanum fromAustria. The Dorosomatidae. — The gizzard-shad, Dorosontatidcs, areclosely related to the Clupeidce, differing in the small contractedtoothless mouth and reduced maxillary. The species are deep-bodied, shad-like fishes of the rivers and estuaries of easternAmerica and eastern Asia. They feed on mud, and the stomachis thickened and muscular like that of a fowl. As the stomachhas the size and form of a hickory-nut, the common American j^^^. Fig. 213.—Hickor}-shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur). Potomac River. Species is often called hickory-shad. The gizzard-shad are allvery poor food-fish, bony and little valued, the flesh full ofsmall bones. The belly is always serrated. In three of thefour genera of Dorosomatidce the last dorsal ray is much producedand whip-like. The long and slender gill-rakers serve as strainersfor the mud in which these fishes find their vegetable and ani-mal food. Dorosoma cepedianum, the common hickory-shad or 2 8o Isospondyli gizzard-shad, is found in brackish river-mouths and ponds fromLong Island to Texas, and throughout the Mississippi Valleyin all the large rivers. Through the canals it has entered LakeMichigan. The Konoshiro, Clupanodon thrissa, is equally com-mon in China and Japan. The Engraulididae.—The anchovies {Engraiilididcc) are dwarfherrings with the snout projecting beyond the very wide are small in size and weak in muscle, foimd in all warmseas, and makin
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