. Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Woodchuck; Mammals. Fig. 2-24. First caudal vertebra, caudal view. 1 spinous process, 2 caudal articular process, 3 transverse process, 4 vertebral foramen, 5 ventral hemal processes, 6 caudal ex- tremity, 7 cranial articular process. Caudal Vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae, ver- tebrae caudales (Fig. 2-24), of the tail may vary in number, but usually 19 are present. The first few are typical vertebrae, but gradually lose their fea- tures until only the bodies remain as rounded rods. 1—4Cd has ventral hemal processes, processus hem- alis. Apex Fig. 2-
. Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Woodchuck; Mammals. Fig. 2-24. First caudal vertebra, caudal view. 1 spinous process, 2 caudal articular process, 3 transverse process, 4 vertebral foramen, 5 ventral hemal processes, 6 caudal ex- tremity, 7 cranial articular process. Caudal Vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae, ver- tebrae caudales (Fig. 2-24), of the tail may vary in number, but usually 19 are present. The first few are typical vertebrae, but gradually lose their fea- tures until only the bodies remain as rounded rods. 1—4Cd has ventral hemal processes, processus hem- alis. Apex Fig. 2-22. Sacrum, ventral view. 1 promontory, 2 trans- verse lines, 3 ventral sacral foramina. ramina, foramina sacralia dorsalia, on the dorsal surface, and ventral foramina, foramina sacralia ventralia, on the pelvic surface (Figs. 2-21 and 2- 22). The bodies of the sacral vertebrae fuse and form three transverse lines, lineae transversae (Figs. 2-22 and 2-23) on the ventral (pelvic) surface. The cranioventral edge of the first sacral vertebra forms the sacral promontory, promontorium, lies at the level of the acetabulum. STERNUM The sternum (Fig. 2-25) consists of six bony seg- ments or sternebrae that are joined by cartilage as synchondroses sternales. The first sternebra or ma- nubrium sterni, is the largest. It is rod-shaped with a laterally expanded cranial part for articulation with the clavicle and the first rib. The manubrium lacks a manubrial cartilage. Succeeding sternebrae are also rod shaped but get progressively shorter caudally. The last sternebra has a xiphoid process, processus xiphoideus, which bears an anchor- or paddle-shaped xiphoid cartilage, cartilago xiphoidea. The costal cartilages of the first seven ribs articulate with the sternum at the level of the intersternebral cartilages. Base. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations
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