. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. 104 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. The term ' cranium' might well be applied to the four neural arches collectively, figs. 76, 83 ; but would exclude some bones called ' cranial,' and include some called ' facial,' in Human Anatomy. In a side view of the naturally connected bones of those arches, such as is shown in the Carjj, fig. 83, the ujiper part of the cranium is formed by the neural spines called sujoer- occipital 3, parietal 7, frontal ii, and nasal 15; the lower part by the centrums called basioccipital i, basisphenoid
. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. 104 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. The term ' cranium' might well be applied to the four neural arches collectively, figs. 76, 83 ; but would exclude some bones called ' cranial,' and include some called ' facial,' in Human Anatomy. In a side view of the naturally connected bones of those arches, such as is shown in the Carjj, fig. 83, the ujiper part of the cranium is formed by the neural spines called sujoer- occipital 3, parietal 7, frontal ii, and nasal 15; the lower part by the centrums called basioccipital i, basisphenoid 5, presphe- noid D, and vomer 13: the side-walls by the neurapophyses called exoccipital 2, alisphenoid 6, orbitosphenoid lO, and prefrontal 14. Between 2 and 6 is intercalated the petrosal 16: between the fore part of 9 and lO is the ' interoi'bital 18,' which is an inconstant ossification in fishes. The outstanding or transverse processes are the paroccipital 4, the mastoid 8, and the postfrontal Cranium of a Carp In the Carp the parietals meet and unite upon the ^â ertex by a ' sagittal' suture: in most osseous fishes, as in the Cod and Perch, figs. 76, 77, they are separated by the junction of the superocci- pital, 3, with the very large frontals, n, ii. At the base of the skull may be seen, in the Perch, fig. 84, the basioccipital i, the articular processes of the exoccipitals 2, and the spine-shaped' end of the superoccijntal 3. The paroccipital 4, is separated below from the exoccipital by the petrosal 16. The basi-prcsphenoid, 5 and 9, carries forward the bodies of the vertebra^ to the vomer 13, which is expanded and dentigcrous anteriorly, as the bodies of the cervical vertebra; supjiort teeth in the DviVodon (p. 57) The alisphenoids g, the orbitosplienoids lo, and the prefrontals u are attached to the sides of tlic basal elements; more externally are seen the frontal ii, postfrontal 12, mastoid a, and paroccipital 4 On the left side are shown the palatine 20, t
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