High School Chemistry . inous coal burns with a bright luminous flame, hard coal or anthracite glows, andburns away almost entirely without flame. How do you accountfor the difference ? 8. A lamp flame turned too high will smoke; of what does thissmoke consist? Whence does it come ? Why is it formed only whenthe flame is turned too high ? How do you account for the cloudsof black smoke that come out of factory chimneys? If you are toldthat this smoke escapes most freely just after fresh coal has beenput on the fire, would the statement confirm your explanation ?Explain the burning of smoke in
High School Chemistry . inous coal burns with a bright luminous flame, hard coal or anthracite glows, andburns away almost entirely without flame. How do you accountfor the difference ? 8. A lamp flame turned too high will smoke; of what does thissmoke consist? Whence does it come ? Why is it formed only whenthe flame is turned too high ? How do you account for the cloudsof black smoke that come out of factory chimneys? If you are toldthat this smoke escapes most freely just after fresh coal has beenput on the fire, would the statement confirm your explanation ?Explain the burning of smoke in factories. 8.—Blowpipe Flame. Three zones are observed when flame has a jet of airblown into it from the nozzle of a blowpipe. The inner CHLORINE. 155 mantle or zone of incomplete combustion, R, Fig. 39, istechnically known as the reducing flame, because herethe supply of oxygen is limited, hence the carbon hasbeen oxidized only to carbonic oxide, and there is, there-fore, a great tendency to take oxygen away from any. Fig. 39. substance that will part with it. The outer mantle, O,is the oxidizing flame, because the supply of oxygenis plentiful, and the heating of a substance to a highdegree in contact with oxygen of course promoteschemical union between the two, if that is —Tilden, 64; R., 399; R. and S., 187. CHAPTER XXX. CHLORINE. 1.—The Halogens. There arc four elements—chlorine, bromine, iodineand fluorine—that arc closely related to one another, andare known in chemistry as halogens (salt producers). 156 EXPERLMENTS WITH CHLORINE. Chlorine is the most important of these. They all formacids that do not contain oxygen ; these are sometimescalled haloid acids, and the salts which they form, haloidsalts; they are thus distinguished from salts and acidswhich contain oxygen. 2.—Experiments with Chlorine. 1. Into a test-tube put one part of manganese dioxide,two parts of salt, and three of sulphuric acid. Fit thetest-tube with a cork and delivery t
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