. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. synthesis. L'lulcr ordinary daytime lifjlit intensities, the amount of sugar formed by pliotosynthesis greatly exceeds the amount oxidized in respiration. Plioto- synthesis ceases during darkness, but loss of sugar at night, because of respiration, continues. Sugars may be converted to starch or fat or upon combina- tion with nitrogen, sulphur, and ])hosphorus be changed into proteins. The amount of sugar resulting from photosynthesis represents the primary produc- tion of the ecosystem. Accurate measurement of the rate of primary production is one of the most
. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. synthesis. L'lulcr ordinary daytime lifjlit intensities, the amount of sugar formed by pliotosynthesis greatly exceeds the amount oxidized in respiration. Plioto- synthesis ceases during darkness, but loss of sugar at night, because of respiration, continues. Sugars may be converted to starch or fat or upon combina- tion with nitrogen, sulphur, and ])hosphorus be changed into proteins. The amount of sugar resulting from photosynthesis represents the primary produc- tion of the ecosystem. Accurate measurement of the rate of primary production is one of the most impor- tant problems of trophic ecology, for the activities of all plant and animal organisms in the community de- pend on the energy thus supplied. It is necessary to distinguish between gross production, the total amount of energy captured, and net production, the amount that remains after that used for respiration. Primary production is commonly expressed in terms of glucose or carbon, or indirectly in the amount of oxygen released or carbon dioxide absorbed, all of which can be converted into calories of energy. Vse Net energy at the producer level becomes avail- able for use of animals when it becomes transferred to the higher trophic levels through predation, here considered also to include consumption of plants (Riley 1940, Lindeman 1942, Clarke 1946, Clarke, Edmondson, and Ricker 1946, Birch and Clark 1953, Macfadyen 1957). In order to measure the transfer and use of energy at each trophic level (A), it is de-. siralilc to know the size of the standincj crop or bio- inass (l<) at each level, l-'nergy is accjuired by ani- mals only through the consum])tion of food, which may be indicated as the ijross energy intake (I). A good portion of the energy ingested is used for existence, that is for basal metabolism, temperature regulation, procurement and digestion of food, and other normal activities. There is almost continuous loss of heat energy from the body and in liom
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