. British bee journal & bee-keepers adviser. Bees. 422 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL [Oct. 28, 1909. in man and other animals, not only are the lower or vegetable forms of bacteria a cause, but that microbes belonging to another family of the higher bacteria may also play an important part. Diseases like malaria, sleeping sickness, and some others are now known to be caused by such unicellular microbes. Up to the pre- sent we have only known the lower forms of bacteria in bees, such as the different bacilli found in foul brood and a strepto- coccus present in sour brood. Dr. Zander found in 1907
. British bee journal & bee-keepers adviser. Bees. 422 THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL [Oct. 28, 1909. in man and other animals, not only are the lower or vegetable forms of bacteria a cause, but that microbes belonging to another family of the higher bacteria may also play an important part. Diseases like malaria, sleeping sickness, and some others are now known to be caused by such unicellular microbes. Up to the pre- sent we have only known the lower forms of bacteria in bees, such as the different bacilli found in foul brood and a strepto- coccus present in sour brood. Dr. Zander found in 1907 in the chyle-stomach of dead bees a large number of egg-shaped microbes, which reminded him of the higher bacteria of other insects. On further investigation they were proved to belong to the Nosema family. The Nosema are parasitic in different animals, and one well known and much dreaded, Nosema bombycis, is the cause of the disease in silkworms called "; This disease has been a serious drawback to the silk industry, and since 1867 has entailed a loss of over a million millions of francs. The particular organism, which has also been identified with the silkworm para- site by Professor Doslein, of Munich, has been named Nosema apis by Dr. Zander, its discoverer. Its life-history is very simple. It is, like its relatives, a cell parasite, capable of multiplying in living matter and not outside the body of the bee. It is con- fined exclusively to the chyle-stomach, and when it has filled the cells and exhausted. CHYLE-STOMACH OP DISEASED BEE, ENLAEGED 500 TIMES. a. Single spores of Nosema apis. b. Cells filled with spores. the nourishment it surrounds itself with a membrane, and in this condition, even if dried, is able to survive for long periods outside the body of the bee. These egg-shaped bodies are generally called spores, and are what we usually see when a preparation is examined under the microscope. Dr. Zander has been good enough to send me photographs
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