. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 178 R. H. M. EBBERINK. ET AL. Table II Biochemical characterization of insulin-like peptides in invertebrates Insecta Apis mellifera Extract/bioassay Patel, 1964 Drosophila melanogaster Extract/bioassay Meness and Ortiz, 1975 Manduca sexta Exract/RIA/ Kramer et al., 1977 bioassay Drosophila melanogaster Heamolymf/RIA Seecofand Dewhurst. 1974 Manduca sexta GPC/RIA Tagerrta/.. 1975, 1976 Manduca sexta Ammo acid Kramer, 1984 composition Calliphora vomitoria GPC/IEG/HPLC Duvet'/ 1979, 1982 Amino acid Thorpe and Duve, compos


. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 178 R. H. M. EBBERINK. ET AL. Table II Biochemical characterization of insulin-like peptides in invertebrates Insecta Apis mellifera Extract/bioassay Patel, 1964 Drosophila melanogaster Extract/bioassay Meness and Ortiz, 1975 Manduca sexta Exract/RIA/ Kramer et al., 1977 bioassay Drosophila melanogaster Heamolymf/RIA Seecofand Dewhurst. 1974 Manduca sexta GPC/RIA Tagerrta/.. 1975, 1976 Manduca sexta Ammo acid Kramer, 1984 composition Calliphora vomitoria GPC/IEG/HPLC Duvet'/ 1979, 1982 Amino acid Thorpe and Duve, composition 1984 Drosophila melanogaster GPC/RIA Le Roith el al., 1981 Bombix mori HPLCetc. and Nagasawa rt a/., sequence 1984, 1986 Crustacea Homarus americanus Mollusca RIA/bioassay Sanders. 1983 Mya arenana extract/bioassay Collip, 1923 Buccmum imdatum extract/bioassay Davidson, 1971 Pectiim maximus extract/bioassay Davidson, 1971 Ostrea edulis extract/bioassay Martinez et 1973 Unio pectorum IEC/RIA Plisetskaya, 1978 Prophysaon foliolatum heamolymph/RIA Plisetskaya and Deymp, 1987 Lymnaea stagnalis GPC/HPLC gut- Hemminga, 1984 insulin Ebberinkand Joosse, 1985 Lymnaea stagnalis HPLC brain-insulin Ebbennk et 1987 Lymnaea stagnalis cDNA brain insulin Smite/ 1988 Tunicata Pyura pachydermatina HPLC/R1A Galloway and Cuttield, 1988 * For references see literature cited in Joosse and Geraerts (1983) and Thorpe and Duve (1984). separated the A and B chains of the midgut insulin-like substance (Fig. 3), and have determined the amino acid composition of each chain (Table III), but efforts to se- quence this material using a protein sequencer have failed since both chains have a blocked N-terminal. Structure and Function of Insulin-Related Peptides in Invertebrates The first amino acid sequence information about an insulin-related structure in invertebrates came from the pioneer work of Nagasawa and his colleagues (Nagasawa et al., 1984, 1986) on the prothoracicotrophic hormone


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