. Forging of iron and steel, a text book for the use of students in colleges, secondary schools and the shop . AIR in 11 IRON AND STEEL 23 :^\\\^\s^ stirred with an iron bar in order to expose all of theparts to the oxidizing influence of the air. As the im-purities are removed, the iron becomes less fusible, andrequires that the temperature be greatly increased tokeep the iron liquid, but as it is not, the particles beginto solidify. The particles of iron are worked togetherinto balls, weigh-ing about 80 lbs.,by the pud-dlers, with apuddle bar. Wet Puddling.— Wet puddlinghas succeede
. Forging of iron and steel, a text book for the use of students in colleges, secondary schools and the shop . AIR in 11 IRON AND STEEL 23 :^\\\^\s^ stirred with an iron bar in order to expose all of theparts to the oxidizing influence of the air. As the im-purities are removed, the iron becomes less fusible, andrequires that the temperature be greatly increased tokeep the iron liquid, but as it is not, the particles beginto solidify. The particles of iron are worked togetherinto balls, weigh-ing about 80 lbs.,by the pud-dlers, with apuddle bar. Wet Puddling.— Wet puddlinghas succeeded thedry method, asthe preliminaryrefining is there-by dispensedwith. The pigsused in wet pud-dling are siliceousor strongly car-burized. The bed and. Fig. 12 sides of a modern puddling furnace are lined with re-fractory materials., such as mill scale or rich ore, whichare rich in oxygen. When the iron is melted, it is actedupon by two oxidizing influences, the air and the ironoxide. The operation is shorter and the product moreuniform than in the dry puddling process, since therobbling is more vigorous. The slags thus formed take up oxygen from the air,causing FeO to change to Fe304, and this oxidizes theimpurities in the iron, silicon and manganese being actedupon first, then phosphorus, sulphur, and carbon. 24 FORGING OF IRON AND STEEL While carbon is being oxidized, carbonic oxide isformed, which bubbles to the surface, thus producingwhat is called the boiling stage. The entire mass is in astate of violent agitation. As the impurities are removedthe iron gradually comes to nature, or solidifies, and isworked into balls as in the process of dry balls are sponge-like masses of wrought iron, theinterstices of which a
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, bookpublishernewyo, bookyear1915
