Pioneers of modern physical training . 823) soon reached a fourthedition (1825). In the latter year he was struck by a fallingpupil and so severely injured that it became necessary togo into retirement for a time. He therefore left Englandand returned to Bern. It was not until 1811 that Clias emerged again from com-parative obscurity. The practice of medical gymnastics,which he had continued throughout the interval, drew himthen across the French border, to Besancon, and there inspite of his almost threescore years he was soon busily en-gaged as teacher of gymnastics in various city schools, a
Pioneers of modern physical training . 823) soon reached a fourthedition (1825). In the latter year he was struck by a fallingpupil and so severely injured that it became necessary togo into retirement for a time. He therefore left Englandand returned to Bern. It was not until 1811 that Clias emerged again from com-parative obscurity. The practice of medical gymnastics,which he had continued throughout the interval, drew himthen across the French border, to Besancon, and there inspite of his almost threescore years he was soon busily en-gaged as teacher of gymnastics in various city schools, atthe normal school, and among the soldiers of the appointment (1814:) to the coveted position of Superin-tendent of Gymnastic Instruction in the elementary schoolsof Paris brought another brief period of satisfied ambition,terminated by the Revolution of 1818. Returning oncemore to Switzerland he spent his last years among thescenes of his earliest successes and retained to the very endhis active interest in gymnastics. 20. Adolf Spiess VI. Adolf Spiess.* In Germany there is no imperial bureau of education; butthough each of the twenty-six states manages its own schoolaffairs independently, there is general uniformity in thetype of physical training introduced everywhere into bothelementary and secondary schools. This differs widely inits nature from Jahns work in the outdoor gymnasium nearBerlin, and reflects instead the influence exerted by the ex-ample and teaching of Adolf Spiess (1810-1858). Spiesswas a native of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and born inLauterbach, a town about thirty miles east of Giessen. Hisfather, a clergyman, accepted soon afterwards a pastorate atOffenbach, across the Main from Frankfurt, and in the pri-vate school which he also opened there and conducted onPestalozzian principles the boy received his early exercises as taught and described by GutsMuthsformed part of every days program, and there were weeklyexcursions with t
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