. Remunerative railways for new countries : with some account of the first railway in China . is reduced 80 per cent, by anotch or hole equal to only 15 per cent, of the section of material. The improvements in themanufacture of Bessemer steel may well induce the hope that in a few years these difficultiesand anomalies may be removed. For the present, for light railways, iron, as a rule, is to bepreferred. The rails should be made from a pile of good hammered iron, arranged so as to FOR NEW COUNTRIES. 35 give a hard top and a fibrous flange. The varieties of section seem to be almost infinite.
. Remunerative railways for new countries : with some account of the first railway in China . is reduced 80 per cent, by anotch or hole equal to only 15 per cent, of the section of material. The improvements in themanufacture of Bessemer steel may well induce the hope that in a few years these difficultiesand anomalies may be removed. For the present, for light railways, iron, as a rule, is to bepreferred. The rails should be made from a pile of good hammered iron, arranged so as to FOR NEW COUNTRIES. 35 give a hard top and a fibrous flange. The varieties of section seem to be almost infinite. Afew years ago, Mr. Sandberg ascertained by careful experiment, the proportions of section givingthe greatest strength for a given weight of material, and sketches of his sections for differentweights of rails are, with his permission, appended. Figs. 14 to 21. It will be observed thatthe seat for the fish plate is made of the same angle under the shoulder and at the foot, and atan angle well adapted for tightening up. No desire for economy should ever lead to discarding Fig. 15. 16 ,-:. _^ ; l lAr| SECTION OF RAILS. the fish plates. The smaller the rail the greater its need of such an efficient adjunct; it is farbetter to reduce the weight of the rail than to save the fish plates. The same may be said as tothe use of fang bolts or coach screws at or near the ends of the rails. Two fang bolts or coach screws in the sleeper on each side of the joint, and two in themiddle of the length of the rail, will be found to be money well spent. Dog spikes will sufficefor the other sleepers. The fang bolts should not pass through the flanges of very small * It is to be noted that in laying down very small rails the fish plates should not be screwed up tight until anengine commences running. If screwed up when there is nothing running on the road the fish plates rust, andgrip the rails so tightly, that they cannot slide when expansion takes place, and the road becomes very mu
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