. The refraction of the eye; including a complete treatise on ophthalmometry; . Fig. 15. ASTIGMATISM AGAINST THE RULE 25 less curved than the horizontal. The astigmatism is, therefore,against the rule. 3. Simple myopic astigmatism against the rule. — The ver-tical meridian is emmetropic, focusses the rays on the retina,. Fig. 16. and is less curved than the horizontal meridian, which ismyopic, and focusses rays in front of the retina. 4. Compound myopic astigmatism against the rule. — Hereboth meridians are myopic, but the vertical is less myopic than

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