. Advances in the study of mammalian behavior. Mammals. Epomophorus vzahlbergi Epomops franquet: 1 k i 1 "v 1 -] 1 f • 1 1 l( - ? 1 Hypsignathus monstrosus Fig. 1. Increase in size of larynx and differences between male calls in related genera of epomophorine bats, and spectrograms of Epomophorus wahlbergi, Epomops franqueti, and Hysignathus monstrosus. Increased laryngeal size in the three species is associated with increased audible range, decreased fundamental frequency, and de- creased duration of calls. From left to right the male of each species is roughly 120, 145, and 300 g. Verti
. Advances in the study of mammalian behavior. Mammals. Epomophorus vzahlbergi Epomops franquet: 1 k i 1 "v 1 -] 1 f • 1 1 l( - ? 1 Hypsignathus monstrosus Fig. 1. Increase in size of larynx and differences between male calls in related genera of epomophorine bats, and spectrograms of Epomophorus wahlbergi, Epomops franqueti, and Hysignathus monstrosus. Increased laryngeal size in the three species is associated with increased audible range, decreased fundamental frequency, and de- creased duration of calls. From left to right the male of each species is roughly 120, 145, and 300 g. Vertical scale = kHz. Horizontal brackets = 1 s. (Adapted from Wickler and Seibt, 1970.) The tongue also plays a role in sound production. From radiocin- ematographic studies, Busnel (1976) found that human whistles are produced by modifications of the point of the tongue. The difficulty of establishing homologues can be appreciated by considering the diverse derivation of human clicks. Thirteen African bushman tribes, each with a different language, use a total of five distinct clicks. Four are produced with the tongue (against the teeth, front palate, and backward or forward movement against the back palate) and a fifth is produced by the lips only (Bleek, 1929). From the stand- point of ontogeny and the establishment of homologues, it would be interesting to determine if some close contact sounds—low chirps and whistles—depend on tongue movements that are involved in sucking. There are numerous other mechanisms for producing sounds that convey messages, such as foot-drumming and quill stridulation, but these classes of sounds will not be considered in this Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Eisenberg, John Frederick; Kleiman, Devra G; American Society of Mammalogists. [Shippensburg,
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionbiodiversity, booksubjectmammals
