. Botany all the year round; a practical text-book for schools. Botany. 168 THE STEM PROPER durable heartwood so prized by lumbermen. The heart- wood is useful to the plant principally in giving strength and firmness to the axis. It will now be seen why gird- ling a stem, that is, chipping off a ring of the softer parts all round; will kill it, while • we often see vigorous and healthy trees with the cen- ter of the trunk entirely hollow. 237. Vertical Arrange- ment. — In studying the vertical arrangement of 311 3'2 3"3 . .• stems two sections are nec- 311-313. — Diagrams of sections of j
. Botany all the year round; a practical text-book for schools. Botany. 168 THE STEM PROPER durable heartwood so prized by lumbermen. The heart- wood is useful to the plant principally in giving strength and firmness to the axis. It will now be seen why gird- ling a stem, that is, chipping off a ring of the softer parts all round; will kill it, while • we often see vigorous and healthy trees with the cen- ter of the trunk entirely hollow. 237. Vertical Arrange- ment. — In studying the vertical arrangement of 311 3'2 3"3 . .• stems two sections are nec- 311-313. — Diagrams of sections of j* i j timber: 311, cross section; 312, radial; essary, a radial and a taU- 313, tangential (from PiNCHOT, orential One. The former Dept. of Agr.). ° , , . ,. passes along the axis, spht- ting the stem into halves (Fig. 312); the latter cuts between the axis and the perimeter, splitting off a segment from one side (Fig. 313). 238. The Graining of Timber. — It is the medullary rays that constitute the characteristic graining of different woods. In a chip of red oak or chestnut from just beneath. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Andrews, Eliza Frances, b. 1840. New York, Cincinnati [etc. ] American book company
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