A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . the empire, andAlexius I. (1081) appealed to the Germans for help. Thishad some influence in giving rise to the first of the Crusades were a new chapter in the long warfare of Chris-tianity with Mohammedanism. In the Middle Ages, therewere two worlds utterly distinct,—that of the Gospel andthat of the Koran. The followers of Mohammed had beendivided into various families or nations. In the eleventh cen-tury the Seljukian Turks founded an extensive empire. In1071, the Turks gained a great victory, and took capti
A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . the empire, andAlexius I. (1081) appealed to the Germans for help. Thishad some influence in giving rise to the first of the Crusades were a new chapter in the long warfare of Chris-tianity with Mohammedanism. In the Middle Ages, therewere two worlds utterly distinct,—that of the Gospel andthat of the Koran. The followers of Mohammed had beendivided into various families or nations. In the eleventh cen-tury the Seljukian Turks founded an extensive empire. In1071, the Turks gained a great victory, and took captive theEmperor Romanus. Asia Minor was wrested from the Greeks, 266 PILGRIMAGES TO JERUSALEM 267 and one of their leaders, Malek Shah, invaded Syria, Palestine,and Jerusalem, and carried his arms as far as Egypt. Uponhis death three distinct sultanates were formed, — Persia,Syria, and Kerman. The Pilgrims to Jerusalem The immediate occasion of the Crusades was the hard treatment of the Christian pilgrimswho visited the sepulcher of Christ in Jerusalem. There the. Church of the Holy Sepulcher Empress Helena, the mother of Constantine, had erected aChristian church. Of the present church, which was begunin 1103, the eastern dome, the apse, and the outer gallery aresubstantially the work of the crusaders. Pilgrimages — whichhad become more and more a custom since the fourth century— naturally tended to the sacred places in Palestine. A pathwas opened for pilgrims along the valley of the Danube by thecoming of Hungary into connection with the Church of Rome, 268 THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE and by the gift from the Pope of a royal crown to the Duke,Stephen (1000). In 1064 a great pilgrimage, in which seventhousand persons, priests and laity, of all nations, were in-cluded, under Siegfried, Archbishop of Mainz, made its waythrough Hungary to Syria. Not more than a third of themlived to return. The reports of returning pilgrims were lis-tened to with absorbing interest, as they t
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