History of mediæval art . coration, wasexecuted at the beginning of thetwelfth century {Fig. 178). We haveno reason to attribute any especialarchitectural interest to those castlesof the eleventh and twelfth centuriesconcerning which we have document-ary information, or of which remainshave been preserved; among themmay be mentioned Hammerstein nearFornich on the Rhine, Boeckelheimnear Kreuznach, Kiburg near Zurich, Habsburg in the Aargau, andPersenberg near Grein, on the Danube. The masonry of the last ofthese castles was so inadequate in constructive respects that, in theyear 1045, it fell i
History of mediæval art . coration, wasexecuted at the beginning of thetwelfth century {Fig. 178). We haveno reason to attribute any especialarchitectural interest to those castlesof the eleventh and twelfth centuriesconcerning which we have document-ary information, or of which remainshave been preserved; among themmay be mentioned Hammerstein nearFornich on the Rhine, Boeckelheimnear Kreuznach, Kiburg near Zurich, Habsburg in the Aargau, andPersenberg near Grein, on the Danube. The masonry of the last ofthese castles was so inadequate in constructive respects that, in theyear 1045, it fell in consequence of the floor of the hall giving wayunder the weight of the assembled guests. In the lowlands ofFlanders the fortifications commonly consisted of palisades andramparts of earth, but in mountainous districts the strongholdswere not unfrequently excavated from the native rock itself, as isthe case with Fleckenstein, near Weissenburg in the Vosges. The dwellings and palaces of the citadels did not attain a monu-. Fig. 177.—Barbacan of Sonnenberg,near Wiesbaden. GERMANY. 303 mental and artistic character until the middle of the twelfth cen-tury. The general arrangement of these was the same as before,the ground-floor containing magazines, while the upper stories wereoccupied by halls with or without smaller chambers at the care was, however, taken with the construction of the in-terior, while the outer walls were ornamented with the forms whichhad been developed in the ecclesiastical buildings, — with rhyth-mical groups of windows or of columned arcades, corbel-tables, pilas-ter-strips, arches in relief, exposed stone staircases supported uponvaults, etc. The Palace of Dankwarderode {Fig. 179) in Brunswick,concerning the arrangement of which in the time of Henry theLion, 1150 to 1170,recent investigations* havethrown much light, v/as ofextreme simplicity. Itsposition was strengthenedby the vicinity of the riverOcker. The ground-floor,lighted by s
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