The national hand-book of American progress : a ready reference manual of facts and figures, from the discovery of America to the present time . 205 • 1856 June 24. President Pierce recognizes the Fili-buster, Gen. Wm. Walker, as President of Nica-raugua, who six months after was driven from thecountry by the natives. July 28. Panama R. R. to Aspinwall opened. Cabinet Officers, 12th Administration—1853-1857 Secretary of State—William M. Marcy, N. of the Treasury—.James Guthrie, Ky,Secretary of War—.Jefferson Davis, of the Navy—-James C. Dobbin, N. of the


The national hand-book of American progress : a ready reference manual of facts and figures, from the discovery of America to the present time . 205 • 1856 June 24. President Pierce recognizes the Fili-buster, Gen. Wm. Walker, as President of Nica-raugua, who six months after was driven from thecountry by the natives. July 28. Panama R. R. to Aspinwall opened. Cabinet Officers, 12th Administration—1853-1857 Secretary of State—William M. Marcy, N. of the Treasury—.James Guthrie, Ky,Secretary of War—.Jefferson Davis, of the Navy—-James C. Dobbin, N. of the Interior—Robert McClernand, master- General—James Campbell, —Caleb Gushing, Mass. National Expenses and Debt, 12th Administration. Year. Expenses. Debt. 1853 $54,577,061 $67,340,628 1854 75,473,119 47,242,206 1855 66,164,775 39,969,731 1856 72,726,341 30,963,900 Imports and Exports, 12th Administration. Tear. Imports. Exports. 1853 $267,978,647 $230,976,157 1854 304,562,381 278,341,064 1855 261,468,520 275,156,846 1856 314,639,943 326,964,908 206 NATIONAL HAND-BOOK THIRTEENTH James Buchanan, Fifteenth President of the UnitedStates, was born in Franklin County, Pa., April 23d, parents were from the North of Ireland. He was astudious youth, and graduated with honor at Dickinson CoLlege, when but eighteen years of age. Pie studied law in thtoffice of James Hopkins, of Lancaster, Pa., and was admittedin 1812. In his profession he had numerous and wealthyclients, and his practice was so extensive and remunerative,that at the age of forty he was able to retire with an amplefortune. At the age of twenty-three he was elected to theState Legislature of Pennsylvania. He vigorously sup-ported the War of 1812-14, and as a private soldier marchedto the defense of Baltimore. Tr i.^20, he was elected to the OF AMERICAN PROGRESS. 207 House of Representatives at Washington, where his knowl-,edge and eloquence soon gave him


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