History and government of New Mexico . erpendicular cliff in ValenciaCounty, is believed to be the only pueblo inhabited to-daythat was standing when Coronado (ko-ro-na/tho) andOnate (6-nya/ta) came to New Mexico The others, in theintervening centuries, have been rebuilt, some of themseveral times and even on different locations. 6. The Kiva. — In the courtyard or elsewhere near eachpueblo were the kivas (keva), one for each clan. Thesekivas, called estufas (es-toofa) by the Spaniards, wereceremonial chambers, round or square, generally under-ground, entered by ladders through a trapdoor in th
History and government of New Mexico . erpendicular cliff in ValenciaCounty, is believed to be the only pueblo inhabited to-daythat was standing when Coronado (ko-ro-na/tho) andOnate (6-nya/ta) came to New Mexico The others, in theintervening centuries, have been rebuilt, some of themseveral times and even on different locations. 6. The Kiva. — In the courtyard or elsewhere near eachpueblo were the kivas (keva), one for each clan. Thesekivas, called estufas (es-toofa) by the Spaniards, wereceremonial chambers, round or square, generally under-ground, entered by ladders through a trapdoor in the top,and heated in very cold weather by a fire built in a pit in THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 9 the center of the floor. The kiva was the center of thelife of the clan. In it the men assembled to discuss warand peace, to engage in religious rites, and to prepare forthe great pagan festivals and other ceremonial it no woman was allowed to enter, and in it ceremoniesare still performed which no white man has ever A Kiva at Isleta Though the houses belong to the women, the kivas belong-to the men. 7. Pueblo Industries. — The chief manufactures carriedon by the Pueblos at the time the Spaniards came werebasket making, pottery, the dressing of skins, the weavingof cotton for their rude clothing, and the making of made shields and bucklers of buffalo hide and usedstrong bows with flint-pointed arrows that would pierce aSpaniards coat of mail. Their clothing was almost wholly IO THE HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO of deer skin and coarse cotton cloth, though they began touse wool for making clothing and blankets soon after theSpaniards brought sheep to the country. They were fondof wearing ornamental jewelry and trinkets, particularlyturquoise necklaces and earrings. In the valleys near their villages they carried on inten-sive agriculture or horticulture with regular systems ofirrigation from flowing streams or reservoirs. In thesouthern valleys this wor
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