. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Human activities and impacts on the deep sea be in deep waters, the known oil and gas reserves account for a mere to per cent USA, 20001. If the estimated amounts of hydrocarbon resources in the deep water are proven and recoverable reserves, then the growth potential of deep-water oil and gas is significant. The oil and gas production scenario per type and region (see Figure ] shows that even though deep-water oil and gas extraction will rem
. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Human activities and impacts on the deep sea be in deep waters, the known oil and gas reserves account for a mere to per cent USA, 20001. If the estimated amounts of hydrocarbon resources in the deep water are proven and recoverable reserves, then the growth potential of deep-water oil and gas is significant. The oil and gas production scenario per type and region (see Figure ] shows that even though deep-water oil and gas extraction will remain limited compared to overall global production, relative to other sources, the projected increase in deep-water production comes only second to the projected production of natural gas liquids INGLl. Impact The environmental threats and impacts resulting from such activities in deeper waters can be estimated based on experiences and analyses of shallow-water oil and gas operations. Direct physical impacts are relatively low. Other potential impacts consist essentially in chemical pollution (for example, from operational releases of chemicals and drilling muds and/or accidental, sudden spills] that may occur during the drilling process. Drill cutting piles that surround oil and gas wells are often contaminated with hydrocarbons and drilling fluids. Leaking of, and chronic exposure to, these contaminants can have serious effects on nearby ecosystems, especially sessile organisms. The volume of contaminated drill cuttings from oil and gas platforms in the United Kingdom and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea is approximately 2 million cubic metres (Grant and Briggs, 20021. While this is mostly in shallow waters, it illustrates what deep-sea environments may face. Given the relative lack of current and tidal motion in the deep sea, the dispersion and degradation of contaminants and pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be slower than at shallower depths
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