. Electro-physiology . in a nerve in Dole lloiie is involved in S!'" * ''^''• v'r';ua' kathodes; ««, virtual anodes. (Bernstein.) respect of physiological action. This might occasionally be the case with minimal currents, but with even a low increase of current intensity the action of the other pole must come into play. Every nerve that has an anode must have a kathode also, even if only one electrode is directly connected with it, and it depends on the ratio of density between the two poles whether one or the other acts alone or preponderatingly. This agrees with the fact that the make t
. Electro-physiology . in a nerve in Dole lloiie is involved in S!'" * ''^''• v'r';ua' kathodes; ««, virtual anodes. (Bernstein.) respect of physiological action. This might occasionally be the case with minimal currents, but with even a low increase of current intensity the action of the other pole must come into play. Every nerve that has an anode must have a kathode also, even if only one electrode is directly connected with it, and it depends on the ratio of density between the two poles whether one or the other acts alone or preponderatingly. This agrees with the fact that the make twitch (" anodic closure twitch " of the pathologist) is observed in monopolar excitation of a motor nerve with the anode as well as with the kathode. The widespread opinion among pathologists ( Brenner, 27) that the results of monopolar excitation of nerve may, theoretically, be set side by side with the facts of ordinary bipolar excitation, and the recent acceptance of this view by some physiologists (Jofe, 28), cannot be admitted for the study of electrical excita- tion of nerve, although the monopolar method may legitimately be applied in single cases. The above theory would undoubtedly lead, as in the case of Jofe, to false conclusions,—con- tradicted by the many facts and experiments underlying the established principles of electro-physiology, which must be the substrate of all future discoveries. We must therefore set aside all attempts to demonstrate the law of contraction in man and in intact animals, since no new points of view can be elicited from them. IV. EXCITING EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRICAL CUREENTS It is evident that the phenomena underlying Pfliiger's law of contraction must be more or less altered by local or general
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