. The anatomy of the domestic animals. Veterinary anatomy. THE COSTAL CARTILAGES 47 extensive articular surface which is convex in its length. The sternal end is larger than that of any other rib; it is thick and very wide, and is turned a little forward. The last rib is the most slender and regularly curved. It is usually but little longer than the second. The facet on the tubercle is confluent with that of the head. (This feature, however, is common on the seventeenth also, and may occur on the sixteenth.) The serial position of the other ribs may be determined approximately by the fol- lowi
. The anatomy of the domestic animals. Veterinary anatomy. THE COSTAL CARTILAGES 47 extensive articular surface which is convex in its length. The sternal end is larger than that of any other rib; it is thick and very wide, and is turned a little forward. The last rib is the most slender and regularly curved. It is usually but little longer than the second. The facet on the tubercle is confluent with that of the head. (This feature, however, is common on the seventeenth also, and may occur on the sixteenth.) The serial position of the other ribs may be determined approximately by the fol- lowing considerations: The length increases from the first to the tenth and eleventh and then diminishes. The width increases somewhat to the sixth and then diminishes. The anterior border is thin and sharp from the second to the eighth, and behind this becomes thick and rounded. The groove of the lateral surface is distinct on the fourth to the eighth inclusive. The curvature increases in degree rapitlly from the second to the seventh, remains about the same to the six- teenth, and then decreases very noticeably. In re- gard to ilorso-ventral direction, the first rib inclines a little forward, the second is about vertical, while behind this they slope backward in increasing de- gree, so that a transverse plane tangent to the ventral ends of the last pair cuts the third lumbar vertebra. The head and tubercle diminish in size from first to last. Their relative positions change, in that the tubercle of the first rib is almost directly lateral to the head, while further Ijack it gradually comes to lie behind it. The neck is longest on the longest ribs, and is absent on the last two or three. A costo-transverse foramen (Foramen costo-transver- sarium) is formed between the neck and the trans- verse process. Development.—The ribs ossify in cartilage from three centers, one each for the shaft, head, and tuliercle; tiie third center is absent in some of the posterior ribs. Cartilage. Fi
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