. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history; Sciences naturelles. 2006 WooDi i,Y, Johnson, FriiKdman, Kirk: EhVhCTS on Cavity-nesting Birds 303 180 160 140 120 100 80 •5 60 40 20. Figure l. Cluster analysis of stands based on their species and abundances of cavity-nesting birds. See Table 1 for explana- tion of site codes. The abundance and cover of shrubs and ground veg- etation were highly variable among stands (Table 3). In general, these vegetation elements were more abun- dant in the plantations and other harvested stands, which were in younger stages of secondary succes- sion than t
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history; Sciences naturelles. 2006 WooDi i,Y, Johnson, FriiKdman, Kirk: EhVhCTS on Cavity-nesting Birds 303 180 160 140 120 100 80 •5 60 40 20. Figure l. Cluster analysis of stands based on their species and abundances of cavity-nesting birds. See Table 1 for explana- tion of site codes. The abundance and cover of shrubs and ground veg- etation were highly variable among stands (Table 3). In general, these vegetation elements were more abun- dant in the plantations and other harvested stands, which were in younger stages of secondary succes- sion than the more mature natural forest. Similar, but more detailed observations of forest and plantations in our study area have been made by Veinotte et al. (2004). Cavity-nesting Birds A total of 16 species of cavity-nesting birds was observed (Table 3). The most abundant species were the Black-capped Chickadee (24% of the territories: see Appendix 1 for avian binomials). Boreal Chick- adee (23%), Red-breasted Nuthatch (16%), and Win- ter Wren (14%). The species richness was higher in the natural forest (average of species per stand: total of 14 species present in the habitat type) than in plan- tations (: 8 species present), selectively har- vested stands (; 9 species present), or the nat- urally regenerated clear-cut (). Abundance was also higher in the reference forest (average terri- tories/10 ha) than in plantations ( ha), selective- ly harvested stands ( ha) or the naturally regen- erated clear-cut ( ha). Among the ten plantations studied, the highest density of cavity-nesting birds was in P15 ( territories/10 ha), which also had a rela- tively large number of snags ( m-/ha compared with an average of m-/ha among the other nine planta- tions). A cluster analysis segregated the '"community" of cavity-nesting birds of the natural forest from those of the other treatments (Figure 1). In the cluster analy- s
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