. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. ~r 0,4 volume fraction of solute Figure 6. The amount of light scattering of a solution of small, identical scatterers plotted against their concentration (by volume). The scattering peaks when the concentration equals 13%. Many extracellular and some cellular tissues (, mus- cle) of transparent organisms may meet these requirements. Although studies of the extracellular matrices and muscle of transparent animals are fairly rare, ultrastructural data exist for hydromedusae, siphonophores, ctenophores
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. ~r 0,4 volume fraction of solute Figure 6. The amount of light scattering of a solution of small, identical scatterers plotted against their concentration (by volume). The scattering peaks when the concentration equals 13%. Many extracellular and some cellular tissues (, mus- cle) of transparent organisms may meet these requirements. Although studies of the extracellular matrices and muscle of transparent animals are fairly rare, ultrastructural data exist for hydromedusae, siphonophores, ctenophores, chaeto- gnaths, transparent ascidians, pyrosomas, doliolids, and salps (De Leo el ai, 1981; Weber and Schmid, 1985; Franc, 1988; Hernandez-Nicaise, 1991; Shinn, 1997; Hirose el ai, 1999). The fact that all of these appear homogeneous under light microscopy strongly suggests that they have few Fou- rier components greater than one half the wavelength of light. However, rigorous analyses have not been performed. Although the above theory may explain the transparency of extracellular structures, it cannot adequately account for the transparency of cellular tissue. Reduction of scattering by destructive interference relies on dense packing of sim- ilar objects. In the two cases where this theory has been successfully applied (lens and cornea), the tissues are highly simplified. The mammalian lens, in particular, has been drastically modified for transparency (Goldman and Benedek. 1967; Philipson. 1973; Tardieu and Delaye, 1988). Most of the lens cells lack nuclei, mitochondria, and other organelles and, in fact, are little more than containers for dense concentrations of a few different proteins. The cells rely entirely on the surrounding cells for metabolic support and maintenance. Similarly, the cornea is a tightly packed array of collagen fibers with very few support cells and cannot maintain itself. These modifications are obvi- ously incompatible with life when employed thro
Size: 1633px × 1529px
Photo credit: © Library Book Collection / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
Model Released: No
Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
