. Applied thermodynamics for engineers. qual to {T ^ L)(L - r). Then 1 2 4 3 (3 4 being drawnhorizontally and 1 3 vertically) is equal to r)=x(L-r). 12 X 2 4-^ -^(L This quantity is equal to the external work ofvaporization = xe, which is accordingly repre-sented by the area 12 4 3. The irregulararea 6 5 13 4 7 then represents the additionof internal energy, 6 5 18 having been ex-pended in heating the water, and 8 3 4 7=x/-being the disgregation work of vaporization. T /. a \ 3 4 \ / i/ 1 ^-32? F j ^ Fig. 164. Art. 374.— Internal Euergyand External Work. 375. External Work. Let MN, Fig. 165, b
. Applied thermodynamics for engineers. qual to {T ^ L)(L - r). Then 1 2 4 3 (3 4 being drawnhorizontally and 1 3 vertically) is equal to r)=x(L-r). 12 X 2 4-^ -^(L This quantity is equal to the external work ofvaporization = xe, which is accordingly repre-sented by the area 12 4 3. The irregulararea 6 5 13 4 7 then represents the additionof internal energy, 6 5 18 having been ex-pended in heating the water, and 8 3 4 7=x/-being the disgregation work of vaporization. T /. a \ 3 4 \ / i/ 1 ^-32? F j ^ Fig. 164. Art. 374.— Internal Euergyand External Work. 375. External Work. Let MN, Fig. 165, be any path in the saturated heat absorbed is mMNn. Construct Mcha, Nfed, as in Art. 374. The inter-nal energy has increased from Oahcm to Odefn, theamount of increase being adefnmch. This is greaterthan the amount of heat absorbed, by deiMcha — iNJ,which difference consequently measures the externalwork done upon the substance. Along some such curveas XY, it will be found that external work has beendone by the oFig. 105. Art. 375.—In-ternal Energy of Steam. 376. The Entropy Diagram as a Steam Table. InFig. 161, let the state point be H. We have T= HI,from which P may be found. HJ is made equal to (T ^ L)(L — r), whenceOa VKJI — E and — xe. Also x = VH -^ VN, the entropy measured fromthe water line is VH, the momentary specific heat of the water along the dif-ferential path jL is gJLM-^Tj; xL = PVUI, xr = KJIP, h = OaVP, andH = OaVHI. The specific vohune is still to be considered. 242 APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
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