A treatise on the theory of solution including the phenomena of electrolysis . since the work of Gibbs and Vant Hoff. These two principles, the Phase Rule and the theorem oflatent heat, furnish a means of tracing all the qualitativephenomena of physical and chemical equilibrium. They involveno knowledge of the nature of matter or of the reactions whichoccur, and no distinction is drawn between physical and chemicalchanges. The Phase Rule is concerned merely with the relativenumber of components and coexistent phases, and the theoremof latent heat needs for its application only an experimentalk
A treatise on the theory of solution including the phenomena of electrolysis . since the work of Gibbs and Vant Hoff. These two principles, the Phase Rule and the theorem oflatent heat, furnish a means of tracing all the qualitativephenomena of physical and chemical equilibrium. They involveno knowledge of the nature of matter or of the reactions whichoccur, and no distinction is drawn between physical and chemicalchanges. The Phase Rule is concerned merely with the relativenumber of components and coexistent phases, and the theoremof latent heat needs for its application only an experimentalknowledge of changes of density and concentration, and thecorresponding thermal phenomena. CH. Il] THE PHASE RULE 89 When systems of one component are studied in detail, it isconvenient to represent the relations involved Application of the phase rule-one on a diagram. Thus Figs. 8—11 illustrate quali-componen . tativcly the phenomena which we have already briefly described as characteristic of water substance. Thecurves are diagrammatic, and are not drawn to scale. Liquid. Vapour Fig. 8. The curve OA traces the connection between the temperatureand the vapour pressure when a mass of water is in equilibriumwith its own vapour. This curve divides the diagram into twoareas. A mass of water substance the temperature and pres-sure of which are represented by any point in the space lyingbelow OA must exist in the state of unsaturated vapour, andcan none of it be liquid. Above OA the position of everypoint represents conditions of temperature and pressure whichcan exist only when all the substance is liquid. Thus the areabelow OA represents unsaturated vapour, and the area aboveOA, more or less compressed liquid, and along the line OA alonecan there be liquid and vapour in equilibrium. If the temperature sinks below the freezing point andice forms, the liquid will disappear and a curve OB, givingthe vapour pressure of ice, can be traced a few degrees belowthe freezing point. This cu
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