The American encyclopedia and dictionary of ophthalmology Edited by Casey A Wood, assisted by a large staff of collaborators . tment much has been written. Numerousoperations have been described, in which by gradual division ofthe tendons of the superior rectus the visual plane has been low-ered a certain number of degrees. Undoubtedly that has beendone and could be done again. But any one who has had experi-ence in making operations upon the vertical muscles has also foundthat the diplopia or deformity which resulted from these experi-ments is, on the average, quite as annoying as the origina
The American encyclopedia and dictionary of ophthalmology Edited by Casey A Wood, assisted by a large staff of collaborators . tment much has been written. Numerousoperations have been described, in which by gradual division ofthe tendons of the superior rectus the visual plane has been low-ered a certain number of degrees. Undoubtedly that has beendone and could be done again. But any one who has had experi-ence in making operations upon the vertical muscles has also foundthat the diplopia or deformity which resulted from these experi-ments is, on the average, quite as annoying as the original con-dition. In a word, anophoria is a subject better known theoreticallythan practically.—(L. II.) See Muscles, Ocular. ANOPHTHALMIA 501 Anophthalmia. (L.), Absence of the eyes. Anophthalmia. This congenital condition denotes absence of an eyeor eyes. In over 70 per cent of cases it is bilateral. Where it is uni-lateral the other eye may be normal or the subject of some defect,especially microphthalmia. Hasner observed in one case a cololjomaof the lid and a nevus of the conjunctiva on the side of the Anophthalmos. Anophthalmia is a condition clinically diagnosed as such, a trueanophthalmia very rarely existing, as shown by painstaking anatom-ical and microscopical investigations. In a strict sense it really doesnot exist. Clinically, however, anophthalmia is said to be presentwhere an eyeball is not niacroscopieally demonstrable or capable ofbeing palpated. Tissues of mesoblastic origin can usually be ocular muscles may be more or less developed and find insertionin the subconjunctival connective tissue or in the soft mass at theapex of the orbital cavity representing the rudimentary eyebalLTheir differentiation however is poor. 502 ANOPHTHALMIA CYCLOPICA The orbit is usually diminished in size, often quite small; the lidsshort, ill-formed, sometimes absent or with their margins turned in(entropion). The palpebral fissure is quite narrowed. The o
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