. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 170 Bulletin Museum of Coniixiidtive Zoology, Vol. 150, No. 3 B EB, LL_2 PB, TDA APU. Figure 53. Dorsal aspect of the branchial musculature viewed from posterior to elucidate the muscles surrounding the esophagus and posterior branchial arches in representative Pomacentridae (A. Tautogolabrus adspersus. B. Amphi- prlon xanthurus); representative cichlid (C. "Haplochromis" leuciscus) (From Kaufman and Liem, 1982). Abbreviations: AD, adductor branchialis; APU, apophysis of upper pharyngeal jaw (third pharyngob
. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 170 Bulletin Museum of Coniixiidtive Zoology, Vol. 150, No. 3 B EB, LL_2 PB, TDA APU. Figure 53. Dorsal aspect of the branchial musculature viewed from posterior to elucidate the muscles surrounding the esophagus and posterior branchial arches in representative Pomacentridae (A. Tautogolabrus adspersus. B. Amphi- prlon xanthurus); representative cichlid (C. "Haplochromis" leuciscus) (From Kaufman and Liem, 1982). Abbreviations: AD, adductor branchialis; APU, apophysis of upper pharyngeal jaw (third pharyngobranchial); CB,, fifth ceratobranchial (lower pharyngeal jaw, LPJ); EB, epibranchial; ES, esophagus; LE, levator externus muscle; LI, levator internus muscle; LP, levator posterior muscle; OD, obliquus dorsalis; OP, obliquus posterior muscle; PB, pharyngo- branchial; RD, retractor dorsalis muscle; SO, sphincter oesophagi muscle; TDS, transversus dorsalis anterior muscle; TDP, transversus dorsalis posterior muscle. The Pomacentridae is considered the primitive sister group of all other labroids (Stiassny, 1980). In pomacentrids the fourth levator externus and levator pos- terior muscles insert on the fourth epi- branchials, a plesiomorphous condition found also in all primitive perciforms. Po- macentrids can be defined by 1) the pres- ence of a strong connective tissue sheet connecting the medial face of the lower jaw via a cylindrical ligament with the ceratohyal (Stiassny, 1981); 2) a pair of nipplelike processes are present on the ventral surface of the lower pharyngeal jaw serving as insertion sites for the pha- ryngohyoideus muscle; 3) the muscular processes of the lower pharyngeal jaw abut the cleithra; and 4) the oblicjuus pos- terior muscle is prominent and is sepa- rated from the fourth levator externus by a distinct aponeurosis (Fig. 53). The fi- bers of the fourth levator externus and olilicjuus posterior muscles are not con- timious. Pomacentrids are represented by ab
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