. Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Woodchuck; Mammals. 14- 13- 12 Mm w 7~^r ?/ \\ va fff. Fig. 5-2. Horizontal section of the head through the oral cavity, ventral view. 1 upper incisor tooth, 2 openings of incisive ducts on each side of the incisive papilla, 3 buccal fold, 4 premolar teeth, 5 molar teeth, 6 soft palate, 7 cut lateral wall of the oropharynx, 8 esophagus, 9 longus capitis m., 10 sternomastoid m., 1 1 stylohoid bone and muscle, 12 temporal m., 13 palatine tonsil, 14 masseter m., 15 hard palate, 16 cheek pouch. and have a beveled cutting edge (see osteology for the alveo
. Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Woodchuck; Mammals. 14- 13- 12 Mm w 7~^r ?/ \\ va fff. Fig. 5-2. Horizontal section of the head through the oral cavity, ventral view. 1 upper incisor tooth, 2 openings of incisive ducts on each side of the incisive papilla, 3 buccal fold, 4 premolar teeth, 5 molar teeth, 6 soft palate, 7 cut lateral wall of the oropharynx, 8 esophagus, 9 longus capitis m., 10 sternomastoid m., 1 1 stylohoid bone and muscle, 12 temporal m., 13 palatine tonsil, 14 masseter m., 15 hard palate, 16 cheek pouch. and have a beveled cutting edge (see osteology for the alveolus). In the young animal they are white, but become brownish as the animals age. The lower incisors protrude from the mandibles further than do the upper incisors from the maxillae. The enam- el on the labial side of the incisor is not pigmented as in many other rodents. The cheek teeth, dentes premolares and dentes molares, are typical, each with a crown that pro- trudes above the gum, a neck and root. The enamel of the crowns form ridges and tubercles on the oc- clusal surfaces. The neck is a slight constriction of the tooth located at the gum line, the enamel of the neck is covered by cement. The root is the portion below the gum and does not have an enamel layer. For the most part it is embedded in the alveolus of the jaw. There are both deciduous and permanent teeth. The deciduous teeth, dentes decidui, are replaced by the larger, permanent teeth, dentes permanentes, when the animals are 3 to 4 months old. The teeth are arranged as upper and lower dental arches. The upper arch is longer than the lower arch. The teeth are anchored in sockets, or alveoli, of the upper and lower jaws. They are so placed that the upper in- cisors lie rostral to the lower ones, while the pre- molars and molars form a tuberculate crushing sur- face. The incisor teeth, dentes incisivi, are permanent teeth, and are characterized by permanent growth that compensates for the strong wear. They there
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