Chambers's encyclopædia; a dictionary of universal knowledge . eel. By anothermethod, viz., that of meltingthe blister steel in fireclaycrucibles, and casting it intoingots, Cast Steel (q. v.) ismade. Tliis is the best kindof steel, being finely granular,homogeneous, dense, and welladapted for the finest cuttinginstruments. There are other modes ofmanufacturing steel, such asby the partial decarbonisationof cast iron on a charcoalhearth, a method largely prac-tised on the continent. Bessemers method of pro-ducing malleable iron directlyfrom crude pig iron is describedelsewhere. See BessemersPr
Chambers's encyclopædia; a dictionary of universal knowledge . eel. By anothermethod, viz., that of meltingthe blister steel in fireclaycrucibles, and casting it intoingots, Cast Steel (q. v.) ismade. Tliis is the best kindof steel, being finely granular,homogeneous, dense, and welladapted for the finest cuttinginstruments. There are other modes ofmanufacturing steel, such asby the partial decarbonisationof cast iron on a charcoalhearth, a method largely prac-tised on the continent. Bessemers method of pro-ducing malleable iron directlyfrom crude pig iron is describedelsewhere. See BessemersProcess. Malleable ii-on madeby Mr Bessemers process isapt to be cellular and iinsound,defects which the inventor hashad great trouble in over-coming, if even now he hasthoroughly succeeded. Accord-ing to the same process, steelis made by introducing into themelted iron a given quantity of Kpirieleisen (a peculiarkind of cast iron), containing a known percentageof carbon; and so steel may be produced with anyrequired proportion of carbon. The spiegeleiseu 15^.. Fig. 5.—Eough and Finishing Rolls. dissolves in the iron like sugar in -water, rendering I tunately, when pig iron containing phosphorus isthe metal more fusible and very liquid. Unfor- 1 operated on in this way, this injiurious element is 637 moN. not separated in a sensible degree, as is the case inthe process of puddling; so that only those varietiesof iron ?which are free from phosphorus, such ashaematite pigs, &c., can be advantageously used-Short as is the time since Mr Bessemer took out hispatent, his process has been already put into prac-tice on a large scale in England, France, Belgium,Sweden, and India. We ?will now take a glance at the properties ofeach of these three kinds of iron, and the purposesto ?which it is chiefly applied. Cast iron, as thecrudest, cheapest, and most fusible, is used for theheavy portions of engineering ?work, such as bed-plates for machines, cylinders, columns, cisterns, low-pressiu
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