. The biology of the amphibia. Amphibians. RELATIONSHIPS AND CLASSIFICATION 469 of Europe. The closely allied, if not identical, Andrias has been found in the Miocene and Upper Oligocene of the same region. A fossil cryptobranchid, Plicognathus, has been described from. Fig. 145.—Diagram illustrating the phylogeny of the urodeles. The heavy- black arrows indicate the phylogenetic relations. The narrow, horizontal arrows represent the ontogeny of the various families. The degree of metamorphosis of the hyobranchial apparatus is employed as the chief criterion of metamorphosis in this diagram. T
. The biology of the amphibia. Amphibians. RELATIONSHIPS AND CLASSIFICATION 469 of Europe. The closely allied, if not identical, Andrias has been found in the Miocene and Upper Oligocene of the same region. A fossil cryptobranchid, Plicognathus, has been described from. Fig. 145.—Diagram illustrating the phylogeny of the urodeles. The heavy- black arrows indicate the phylogenetic relations. The narrow, horizontal arrows represent the ontogeny of the various families. The degree of metamorphosis of the hyobranchial apparatus is employed as the chief criterion of metamorphosis in this diagram. The "permanent larvae" are not closely related but have been derived from different groups. the Lower Pliocene of Nebraska. Hence the family at one time must have had much greater distribution than now. The crypto- branchids are river salamanders, japonicus usually frequenting smaller streams than Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Noble, Gladwyn Kingsley, 1894-1940. New York : McGraw-Hill
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