In an open castration, the tunic, the tough membranous covering of the testicle and associated structures, is incised.

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Keywords: anatomy, arterial, canine, castration, cord, cremaster, deferens, dog, incision, ligations, muscle, neuter, neutering, open, pampiniform, plexus, procedure, scrotum, spermatic, supply, surgery, surgical, testicles, tunic, vas