. Elementary principles of agriculture; a text book for the common schools . Fig. Open-headed tree; vase form of top. 189. Pruning and Training Grape-vines. The stem of the grape is too weak to stand without support. In nature it grows over the outer branches of trees, some- times forming a canopy over the tops of small trees. Cultivated grapes are given supports made with posts and smooth wire. In order to keep the bulk of the vines within limits and to increase their fruitfulness, they are severely pruned every winter. This heavy pruning

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