. Biology of the vertebrates : a comparative study of man and his animal allies. Vertebrates; Vertebrates -- Anatomy; Anatomy, Comparative. with a fragment of a lower jaw. These fragments of the "ape-man" were recovered some twenty yards apart, making the likelihood of intrusive burial improbable and casting doubt on the probability that the several bones did come from one individual. Companion bones of various ani- mals were unearthed that filled 400 packing cases. This material was brought back to Holland and sub- jected to painstaking study. The spe- cimens included bones of the e
. Biology of the vertebrates : a comparative study of man and his animal allies. Vertebrates; Vertebrates -- Anatomy; Anatomy, Comparative. with a fragment of a lower jaw. These fragments of the "ape-man" were recovered some twenty yards apart, making the likelihood of intrusive burial improbable and casting doubt on the probability that the several bones did come from one individual. Companion bones of various ani- mals were unearthed that filled 400 packing cases. This material was brought back to Holland and sub- jected to painstaking study. The spe- cimens included bones of the extinct proboscidian, Stenodon; the ungu- lates Leptobos and Hippopotamus; and the giant pangolin, species no longer inhabitants of that part of the world, as well as tapirs now found only in South America on the other side of the globe. Altogether 24 species of Pleistocene animals under 45 feet of undisturbed stratified de- posits have been identified among these remains, fixing the time when Pithecanthropus lived as approxi- mately 500,000 years ago (Fig. 85). Despite attempts of others to ob- tain additional specimens of the Java "ape man," none was found until von Koenigswald, between 1936 and 1939, unearthed portions of three skulls and a lower jaw, also in the Solo River valley but near Sangiran, above Trinil. From the combined evidence of all available material it has been determined that Pithecanthropus had a somewhat apelike brain case with low forehead and heavy supraorbital ridges but with a capacity of slightly more than 900 cubic centimeters (Fig. 86). The brain would therefore be intermediate in size between that of the great apes, which ordinarily do not exceed 600 cubic centimeters, and modern man whose cranial capacity varies between 1200 and 1500. Although no tools have been discovered with any of the skeletal remains, primitive stone instruments have been found in Java in the same strata as those to which the specimens of ape man belonged. Fig. 85. D
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