. European history : an outline of its development. pation of the serf and his transformation into a free the other, it was a slow change, and was only completedin the Middle Ages in a few of the more advanced regionsof the West. In some of the more backward, indeed, itwas not made until in the nineteenth century. 211. Institutions of the Cities. — In the cities the mer-cantile and manufacturing classes were universally organizedin corporations or guilds, somewhat like our trades differed radically from these, however, in one or two The perma-nent influ-ence of thefeud
. European history : an outline of its development. pation of the serf and his transformation into a free the other, it was a slow change, and was only completedin the Middle Ages in a few of the more advanced regionsof the West. In some of the more backward, indeed, itwas not made until in the nineteenth century. 211. Institutions of the Cities. — In the cities the mer-cantile and manufacturing classes were universally organizedin corporations or guilds, somewhat like our trades differed radically from these, however, in one or two The perma-nent influ-ence of thefeudalsystem. Increasedcompetitionfor labor. In whatemancipa-tion ,EugliskEconofiticHistory, guilds. 222 Changes whicJi follozvcd the Crusades [§211 points. Employers and workmen were members togetherof the same guild, and the masters or employers passedregularly through the lower grades of apprentice and jour-neyman before reaching the higher grade. The purposeof the guild was not so much to look after the interests of. A Hanseatic Ship laborers or of capitalists in their conflict with one another,— labor and capital were closely identified, almost in thesame set of persons, — as to regulate methods of manufac-ture, the quality of goods, and prices, and other conditionsof competition. In a very large number of the mediev^algov^emed ^the towns, these guilds were the governing bodies, electing thetowns. aldermen and other officers of the city, and having the sole §211] Institutions of tlic Cities 223 direction of its affairs, so that persons desiring the right ofvoting or taking part in the government sought the privilegeof being enrolled in some one of these guilds, though theymight have nothing to do with the trade which it represented. In some countries, where the government did not prove The citystrong enough to reunite the State after the period of divi-sion into the feudal fragments, especially in Germany, thecities sought to protect their
Size: 1712px × 1459px
Photo credit: © The Reading Room / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
Model Released: No
Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1890, bookpublishernewyork, bookyear18
