. Handbook of railroad construction; for the use of American engineers. Containing the necessary rules, tables, and formulæ for the location, construction, equipment, and management of railroads, as built in the United States .. . at each course. Wing walls, subjected to specialstrains or to particular currents of water, require positionsand forms accordingly. In skew bridges, as in Chap. V.,the wing, at the acute angle, is longer and inclines less firomthe face of the abutment than that at the obtuse angle. Themore the wing departs from the face line and swings roundinto the slope, the greate
. Handbook of railroad construction; for the use of American engineers. Containing the necessary rules, tables, and formulæ for the location, construction, equipment, and management of railroads, as built in the United States .. . at each course. Wing walls, subjected to specialstrains or to particular currents of water, require positionsand forms accordingly. In skew bridges, as in Chap. V.,the wing, at the acute angle, is longer and inclines less firomthe face of the abutment than that at the obtuse angle. Themore the wing departs from the face line and swings roundinto the slope, the greater the thrust becomes upon it, as STONE BRIDGES. 243 the centre of pressure is raised; the thrust becomes a max-imum when the Fig. is inclinedfrom forty-fiveto seventy de-grees from theface of the abut-ment. The bodyof an embank-ment, as well asany other retain-ing wall, may bemuch strongerby giving it atrapezoidal in-stead of a rec-tangular section,as the resisting lev-erage is therebymuch increased. A-butments may beto advantage but-tressed in order toresist special strains,as in case of thearches or braces ofwooden bridges. 257. Railroadabutments exceptfor a double track,require but littlebreadth on top, ex- i!. Fig. 124.
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