. Book of the Farm; being a revised edition of The handy-book of husbandry, a guide to farmers. Agriculture. 104 HANDY-BOOK OF The line of sight taken"across the tops of two of these boning-rods will be exactly seven feet above the line of the bottom of the drain, and a "plumb-rod" (which is a boning-rod with a line and plummet by which to place it perpendicu- larly) will have its cross-head exactly in a line with those of the boning-rods, when its foot stands on the true line of the bottom of the drain. The ditch may be dug with the narrow spade to within about two
. Book of the Farm; being a revised edition of The handy-book of husbandry, a guide to farmers. Agriculture. 104 HANDY-BOOK OF The line of sight taken"across the tops of two of these boning-rods will be exactly seven feet above the line of the bottom of the drain, and a "plumb-rod" (which is a boning-rod with a line and plummet by which to place it perpendicu- larly) will have its cross-head exactly in a line with those of the boning-rods, when its foot stands on the true line of the bottom of the drain. The ditch may be dug with the narrow spade to within about two inches of the desired depth, and it may then be trimmed to the exact line (with the aid of the plumb-rod) by a finish- ing scoop, Fig. 35. The position of the laborer in the narrow ditch, and the mode of using the scoop, are shown in Fig. 36. As the laying of the tile should be com- menced at the extreme upper ends of all drains, so that no dirt may be washed into them ; and, as the finishing of the bottom should immediately precede the laying of the tile, lest its bottom be made uneven by water flowing over it, the ditches should be first roughly finished to the outlet, (at a little less than the final depth,) for the removal of the water during the work, and the Fig. Fig. 34—Bon- boning-rods should first be set at the upper ing Scoop. ing RoJ. ends. When the rate of fall does not change, the boning-rods may be set at Intervals of from 80 to 120 feet, as the sighting may be accurately done at this distance. Of course, a rod must be set at each point at which the fall changes. The manner of sighting over the boning-rods, and the inter- mediate plumb-rod, is shown in Fig. 37. If, by mistake, the bottom is dug out too deeply, the earth with which it is filled up to the proper grade must be beaten solid. Tiles—Kinds and Sizks.—There are various forms of tiles in use in this country—known as " round," " sole," " horse-. Please note that
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