. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . oke blast-furnace practice successive casts varytoo much in Si and S to allow of takingthe metal as it flows from the furnaceinto ladles and from them to the con-verter or open-hearth furnace. It is,therefore, poured first into large reser-voirs or mixers, the casts from differentfurnaces being mixed together. Capt. Wm. R. Jones was the firstto use the mixer in anything like theform which has now become universalpractice. He built and successfullyoperated his mix
. Steel rails; their history, properties, strength and manufacture, with notes on the principles of rolling stock and track design . oke blast-furnace practice successive casts varytoo much in Si and S to allow of takingthe metal as it flows from the furnaceinto ladles and from them to the con-verter or open-hearth furnace. It is,therefore, poured first into large reser-voirs or mixers, the casts from differentfurnaces being mixed together. Capt. Wm. R. Jones was the firstto use the mixer in anything like theform which has now become universalpractice. He built and successfullyoperated his mixer at the Edgar Thom-son Works, and although it may havepreviously been used in some modifiedform the introduction and practical useof the mixer in connection with the Bes-semer process is apparently due to hisefforts. The larger the mixer the betterare the results obtained, both with re-spect to the purification and also inretaining the available heat of themetal. Mixers capable of holding600 tons of metal are now in 248 shows the general arrange-ment of a 300-ton metal mixer in useat the Cambria Iron Companys -Ten-foot Iron Cupola, MarylandSteel Company. 366 STEEL RAILS The molten metal for supplying the converter when not taken direct fromthe blast furnace or the mixer is melted in cupolas. The modern cupola isreally a small blast furnace, as shown in Fig. 249. 31. Conversion of the SteelThe principal points in connection with the conversion are given below: 1. The temperature of the conversion must be controlled; 2. The recarbonizer must be thoroughly mixed; 3. Time and opportunity must be allowed for the escape of gases im- prisoned in the molten steel. There are three methods of converting the metal from the blast furnaceinto steel: the Bessemer converter, the Open-hearth furnace and the Electricfurnace. The first or Bessemer process has had an important influence uponrailroad history. The out-growth of an attempt to make wrought iron cheaply,it came in j
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