. The mastery of water. rinciple which states that liquidstransmit pressure equally in alldirections. If a liquid is containedin a closed vessel of any shape,such, for example, as is shownin the sketch, a pressure of onepound on the square inch appliedto the piston at A, will be felton every square inch of the vessel ?/I 1 ll DIAGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE WATER-PRESSURE. inch,inch. It win be clear,therefore, that if the pistonat B is two square inches inarea the total pressure uponit wiU be two pounds. Suppose now the piston atA moves downwards oneinch under a pressure of onepound. vSince water cannot
. The mastery of water. rinciple which states that liquidstransmit pressure equally in alldirections. If a liquid is containedin a closed vessel of any shape,such, for example, as is shownin the sketch, a pressure of onepound on the square inch appliedto the piston at A, will be felton every square inch of the vessel ?/I 1 ll DIAGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE WATER-PRESSURE. inch,inch. It win be clear,therefore, that if the pistonat B is two square inches inarea the total pressure uponit wiU be two pounds. Suppose now the piston atA moves downwards oneinch under a pressure of onepound. vSince water cannotbe compressed (except everso slightly) one cubic inchof water is displaced, and thepiston B moves, up half-an-inch. If the areas of thepistons be one square inchand ten square inches then apressure of one pound on thesmaller one wUl produce apressure of ten pounds on thelarger one ; but if the smallerone moves downwards onethe large one wUl only rise by one-tenth of anEvidently then, very small forces can be converted. HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR, 176 THE MASTERY OF WATER. into very large forces by means of liquids. At the sametime a relatively large movement of the smaller forcescorresponds to a relatively small movement of the greaterforce. Now let us look at the accumulator. It consists of astrong vertical tube into which a rod of metal, called aram, fits closely. This ram is heavily loaded, so thatwhen water is pumped into the tube or barrel the ramis forced upwards, but continues to exert a steady pressureupon the water. Suppose the ram is four inches indiameter, the area of the end which presses upon thewater will be just over twelve and a half inches. If theram is loaded with a weight of five tons or 11,200 lb.,the pressure per square inch will be— = 900 lb. approximately. If water at 1,000 lb. on the square inch presses upon apiston of 100 square inches in area, the total pressurewill be 100,000 lb. or nearly forty and a half tons, and toobtain this the piston need only be
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