Text-book of hygiene; a comprehensive treatise on the principles and practice of preventive medicine from an American stand-point . ill enterthe water-pipe, and may thus produce dangerous fouling of thedrinking-water. Hence, separate cisterns for each water-closetshould always be insisted upon. The arrangement of these cisterns is often difficult to com-prehend. Fig. 12 shows the interior arrangement of one ball-shaped float, a, cuts off the supply when the tank isfull, while opening the valve, 6, by means of the crank, c, dis- » Sanitary Condition of New York City, Scribners Monthly,
Text-book of hygiene; a comprehensive treatise on the principles and practice of preventive medicine from an American stand-point . ill enterthe water-pipe, and may thus produce dangerous fouling of thedrinking-water. Hence, separate cisterns for each water-closetshould always be insisted upon. The arrangement of these cisterns is often difficult to com-prehend. Fig. 12 shows the interior arrangement of one ball-shaped float, a, cuts off the supply when the tank isfull, while opening the valve, 6, by means of the crank, c, dis- » Sanitary Condition of New York City, Scribners Monthly, vol. xxii, No 2, June, 1881. HOUSE-DRAINAGE. 173 charges the water. The rounded annex, d^ contains enoughwater to partly fill the closet-bowl and trap after the contentshave been washed out by the rapid flush. C. Traps.—Every water-closet, urinal, wash-basin, bath-tub, and kitchen-sink should have an appropriate trap betweenthe fixture and the soil-pipe. The trap should be placed asnear the fixture as practicable, as pointed out above; in thebest forms of water-closet the bottom of the closet itself formspart of the Fig. 12.—Flushing Cistern for Water-Closets. Traps differ in shape and mechanism. The simplest andusually efficient is the ordinary S-trap (Fig. 13). This trap isof uniform diameter throughout, and has no angles for the lodg-ment of filth. A free flush of water cleanses it perfectly, andit rarely fails to furnish a suflicient obstruction to the passageof sewer-air from the soil-pipe, unless the water has evaporated,or been forced out under a back-pressure of air in the soil-pipe,or been siphoned out, and thus the seal broken. 174 TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. The D-trap and bottle-trap are objectionable on accountof the great liability of becoming fouled by filth lodging in thecorners, while in the mechanical traps, like Bowers ball-valvetrap, Cudells trap, and others of this class, there is alwaysdanger of insufficient seal by filth adhering to the valve, andt
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