. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 108 Bulletiit MuseuDi of Couipanitiie Zoolo<:,y. Vol. 150, No. 3 spg interorbital wall occn. Figure 9. The braincase of a paleoniscoid fish (lateral view of the right side) showing the interorbital wall, the ventral otic fissure (vof), the lateral occipital fissure (lof) and exits for the vagus nerve (X), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), supra- temporal branch of IX (IXst), the parasphenoid bone (Psp), vomer (Vo), foramen for the pituitary vein (pv) and for the internal carotid artery (ic). (After Gardiner (19731, repr
. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 108 Bulletiit MuseuDi of Couipanitiie Zoolo<:,y. Vol. 150, No. 3 spg interorbital wall occn. Figure 9. The braincase of a paleoniscoid fish (lateral view of the right side) showing the interorbital wall, the ventral otic fissure (vof), the lateral occipital fissure (lof) and exits for the vagus nerve (X), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), supra- temporal branch of IX (IXst), the parasphenoid bone (Psp), vomer (Vo), foramen for the pituitary vein (pv) and for the internal carotid artery (ic). (After Gardiner (19731, reprinted by permission of the Council of the Linnean Society of London.) Other Abbreviations: btp, basipterygoid process; , hyomandibular facet; , articular facet for infrapharyngo- branchial I; occa, occn, foramina for the occipital artery and nerve; , oticosphenoid fissure; , articular facet for palatine bone; pp, postorbital process; spg, spiracular groove; , articular facet for suprapharyngobranchial I; vest, vestibular fontanelle. coronoid process on the mandible, and the expansion of one of tlie upper hran- cliiostegal rays. The early actinoptervgian fishes rep- resent a relatively limited radiation which remained morphologically rather uni- form in basic plan. The first major changes in feeding and locomotory patterns occur in the neopter\gian fishes, but first we must examine the living survivors of the early ray-finned fishes, the bichir and reedfish Polypteriis and ErpetoicJitJiijs (Cladistia), and the sturgeons and joaddle- fishes (Chondrostei). Rosen et al. (1981) proposed using Cope's (1871) term Acti- nopteri to refer to all actinopterv gians more derived than cladistians (see Fig. 6), and this usage is followed here (also see Patterson, 1982). The Cladistia contains the single fam- ily PoKpteridae with two genera, Pobj})- tcnis and Eri)etoiclitliys {=Cahu)H)- icJifJiys; see Swinney and Heppell, 1982), and has been the subject of extensive
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