. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. BROWNE. SPEMANN, AND THE ORGANIZER PHENOMENON 73. ' Figure 1. Ethel Browne Harvey (1885-1965). Taken in 1928; from the Archives of the Library, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Ethel Browne in any way influence the thinking of Spe- mann or Mangold? These and related questions are quite provocative in light of new information about Spemann's knowledge of Browne's work. I will first discuss the similarities between the Nobel Prize experiments of Spemann and Mangold (1924) in which the process of embryon
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. BROWNE. SPEMANN, AND THE ORGANIZER PHENOMENON 73. ' Figure 1. Ethel Browne Harvey (1885-1965). Taken in 1928; from the Archives of the Library, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Ethel Browne in any way influence the thinking of Spe- mann or Mangold? These and related questions are quite provocative in light of new information about Spemann's knowledge of Browne's work. I will first discuss the similarities between the Nobel Prize experiments of Spemann and Mangold (1924) in which the process of embryonic induction ( the orga- nizer phenomenon) was demonstrated, and the 1909 work of Ethel Browne, in which she showed that a piece of hydra mouth tissue grafted to another hydra would induce the formation of a secondary axis of polarity in the recip- ient. Second, I will consider newly discovered evidence showing that Spemann was aware of Browne's work long before Hilde Mangold (nee Proescholdt) began her famous organizer experiments. In addition, there is the provoc- ative information that Mangold had worked on hydra immediately before initiating her work on amphibian embryos. Finally, this case study raises questions about the pos- sible interplay of basic prejudices: (1) those of medical scientists in general, and the Nobel Committee in partic- ular, in using anthropocentric criteria when evaluating research in the biological sciences; and (2) those of male scientists in evaluating the research of female scientists, especially the work of female graduate students or of fe- males who have no significant academic rank. The Nobel Prize Experiment of Spemann and Mangold Mangold's experiment involved taking a piece of the lip of the blastopore of the gastrula stage of the amphibian embryo and grafting it to the wall (flank) of another gas- trula at a site distant from the host blastopore (Fig. 2). In some cases, she actually grafted the lip tissue, and in other cases simply sli
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
