. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. tainin? to classical coins, were formed, probably as educational material, in libraries and universities such as Coimbra and Oporto.'"" In St. Petersburg were the impressive collections of the Hermitage, established during the reign of Catherine II (1762-1796). Earlier, Peter the Great () had been known for his cabinet of antiquities, which included numerous ancient coins and .several hundred contemporary ;" In his endeavor to raise Russia to the cultural level of other European countries, Peter encourage
. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. tainin? to classical coins, were formed, probably as educational material, in libraries and universities such as Coimbra and Oporto.'"" In St. Petersburg were the impressive collections of the Hermitage, established during the reign of Catherine II (1762-1796). Earlier, Peter the Great () had been known for his cabinet of antiquities, which included numerous ancient coins and .several hundred contemporary ;" In his endeavor to raise Russia to the cultural level of other European countries, Peter encouraged the collection of historic and artistic objects. By per- sonal order of the Tsar in January 1722 all Russian coins prior to his reign were to be confiscated from churches, monasteries, and wealthy noblemen and incorporated into the palace collection. (Only the treasures of the Kiev-Petcher monastery remained hidden from Peter; they were discovered in the late nineteenth century.) In 1728, after Peter's death, his collection was desposited for safekeeping with the h'tinstkamer, where it was added to collections left in earlier years by Russian noblemen, such as the early Russian coins of the boyar Peter S. Saltykov, Governor of Kazan. In 1742 the holdings of over 28,000 coins of the Kunstkamer were described in an illustrated catalog written in both Russian and German. Many other important coin collections were as- sembled in Russia during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The well-organized cabinet of Count Andrei I. Osterman (1686-1747), the most famous Russian statesman during the first half of his century, contained, in addition to outstanding Russian rari- ties, an important series of Chinese coins. This collection was incorporated into the Kunstkamer wliile the cabinet of Count .\. P. Volynsk, which included numerous Asiatic and European coins, was given in 1740 to the .\cademy of .Science.'" During the middle of the 19th century, a German, Bernard von Koehne
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