. Elements of railroad track and construction . and 25 acresunder the slowest, run-off. 310. Tile Pipe.—When the embankment is not more than 10 or 12 feet high, tilepipe is better than iron pipe,being easier to handle, moredurable, and cheaper. Tilepipe is more easily broken inFig. 156. handling, but if care is taken to cover it sufficiently withearth before dumping stone on it, after it is laid it is justas strong for all practical purposes as cast-iron pipe. Tilepipe is made in lengths of 2^ and 2 feet for small andlarge size respectively. In laying tile pipe the trench is excavated with ver
. Elements of railroad track and construction . and 25 acresunder the slowest, run-off. 310. Tile Pipe.—When the embankment is not more than 10 or 12 feet high, tilepipe is better than iron pipe,being easier to handle, moredurable, and cheaper. Tilepipe is more easily broken inFig. 156. handling, but if care is taken to cover it sufficiently withearth before dumping stone on it, after it is laid it is justas strong for all practical purposes as cast-iron pipe. Tilepipe is made in lengths of 2^ and 2 feet for small andlarge size respectively. In laying tile pipe the trench is excavated with verticalsides to the depth of the horizontal diameter of the pipe;the bottom of the trench is then shaped as shown in , so that the bottom will be to true grade and afforda uniform bed for the body of the pipe, the earth beingremoved under each bell end so that the pipe will notrest on the bell. After the trench has been properlyshaped and the pipe laid in, fine earth is thrown aroundthe pipe and rammed so that the pipe will be supported. CULVERTS. 275 uniformly throughout its length. When the soil is soft,it sometimes becomes necessary to lay the pipe in a con-crete foundation, as shown in Fig. 156, b. In some casesa plain timber platform is used instead of concrete. Some engineers advocate filling the joints with cement,but it seems better practice to leave the joints uncalked,in which case water in the fill may find its way into thepipe, and in case of the pipe settling it is less liable to bebroken. For culverts double-strength, salt-glazed, vitrifiedpipe should be used. 311. Iron Pipe.—Second-grade iron pipe is used forculverts if it can be obtained, being equally as good forthe purpose and considerably cheaper than first-qualitypipe. It consists of pipe that has been condemned asfirst quality on accoimt of minor defects, such as smallblowholes or imperfect bell end. First-quality cast-ironpipe is designed to withstand internal pressure, as in awater-main; defects
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