Grandest century in the world's history; containing a full and graphic account of the marvelous achievements of one hundred years, including great battles and conquests; the rise and fall of nations; wonderful growth and progress of the United States ..etc., etc . his return to his throuiiFerdinand set to work to recover thesecolonies. He made great exertions andspent large sums to reconquer them, butin the end failed, and the dominion ofSpain on the American continent cameto an end. The struggle with the colo-nies exhausted the Spanish treasury andleft the army unpaid and half mutinousand the


Grandest century in the world's history; containing a full and graphic account of the marvelous achievements of one hundred years, including great battles and conquests; the rise and fall of nations; wonderful growth and progress of the United States ..etc., etc . his return to his throuiiFerdinand set to work to recover thesecolonies. He made great exertions andspent large sums to reconquer them, butin the end failed, and the dominion ofSpain on the American continent cameto an end. The struggle with the colo-nies exhausted the Spanish treasury andleft the army unpaid and half mutinousand the nation discontented. ITALY, GREECE. TURKEY AND SPAIN. 2n The result was a revolution in 1820,which compelled Ferdinand to abolishthe Inquisition and the convents, andrestore the liberal constitution of Holy Alliance now intervened, anddemanded the abolition of this constitu-tion and the restoration of cortes refused to comply with this incline him to a more liberal course, buthe turned a deaf ear to them and pun-ished the liberal leaders that fell into hispower with savage cruelty. So greatwas the discontent of the Spanishpeople that Ferdinand was only upheldon his throne by the French troops,who remained in Spain for seven THE ESCURIAL—THE PALACE OF THE KINGS OF SPAIN. demand, and Spain was invaded in 1823by a French army under the Duke ofAngouleme. The liberals were defeatedin every quarter, and Cadiz, their laststronghold, was taken in 1823, Ferdi-nand VII. was restored to his absoluterule, and proceeded to take vengeanceupon his enemies. The French generals endeavored to In 1833 Ferdinand died, leaving twdaughters, the elder of whom was butthree years old. In September, 1830,he had issued a pragmatic sanction,which annulled the law excludingwomen from the Spanish throne. Uponhis death his brother, Don Carlos, pro-duced a paper which lie claimed wassigned by Ferdinand, which revoked 212 , GREKCE, TURKEY AND SPAIN. the pragmatic sancti


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