. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. cted from his lands in favor of Bavaria:France was given a stripof territory -in Alsacealong the Rhine, Swe-den a large portion ofPomerania. The vari-ous German states,large and small, wereconfirmed in their localrights in so ample amanner that they prac-tically became indepen-dent nations in all butname, with only themost nominal overlord-ship by the political purposes,then, the Peace of West-phalia marks (1) thepractical, though notthe confessed, end ofthe mediaeval Empire, founded by Charlemagne and theOttos; (2)
. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. cted from his lands in favor of Bavaria:France was given a stripof territory -in Alsacealong the Rhine, Swe-den a large portion ofPomerania. The vari-ous German states,large and small, wereconfirmed in their localrights in so ample amanner that they prac-tically became indepen-dent nations in all butname, with only themost nominal overlord-ship by the political purposes,then, the Peace of West-phalia marks (1) thepractical, though notthe confessed, end ofthe mediaeval Empire, founded by Charlemagne and theOttos; (2) the admission of Protestants to the councils ofEurope, and, therefore, the termination of most of the religiouswars. But the peace also brought a most longed-for respite toGermany. The war had been unspeakably devastating. Theaverage army had lived by the grossest forms of plunder. Fornearly a generation the unhappy land had almost forgotten their suppression in Austria and Bohemia.—By this treaty also Spain now form-ally admitted the independence of A PLUNDERING SOLDIER — PERIOD OF THETHIRTY YEARS WAR {From a woodcut by Ammann, reproduced in Liebe,Der Soldat) 3o8 HISTORY OF EUROPE what normal peace conditions were. Population had The arts of peace, learning, all forms of civilized lifewere half forgotten; some trades actually disappeared. In1600, Germany was among the most prosperous countries inEurope. In 1650, it was infinitely outstripped by France, andbarely by 1848 had it recovered all the ground lost in one ofthe most brutal and destructive wars in history. REVIEW 1. Topics — Bohemia; the Elector Palatine (Frederick V); Battle of theWhite Hill; Ferdinand II; Wallenstein; Tilly; Liitzen; Oxenstierna. 2. Geography — (a) Locate Augsburg; Prague; Magdeburg; Breitenfeld; Nurem-berg; Liitzen. (b) Indicate the territorial changes made by the Peace of West-phalia. 3. What were the conditions in Germany which tended to bring on awar? 4. Why di
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