China: Empress Xiao Duan Xian (1565-1620), consort of the 14th Ming Emperor Wanli (r. 1572-1620). Hanging scroll painting, 16th-17th century. Empress Xiaoduanxian (died 1620), personal name Wang Xijie, was the consort of the Wanli Emperor Wanli on the Ming Dynasty. She bore him no sons, and was known for her solemn manner, filial piety and extreme cruelty to her servants, often having her chambermaids beaten, sometimes to death. She became the longest serving empress consort in Chinese history.

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