India/Bangladesh: Brahma seated above his mount, the hamsa or celestial swan. Bengal, Pala Dynasty, 10th-11th century CE. Photo by Jean-Pierre Dalbéra (CC BY-SA License). The Pāla Empire, one of the major middle kingdoms of India, existed from 750-1174 CE. It was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent, all the rulers bearing names ending with the suffix Pala (Modern Bengali: পাল pāl), which means protector. The Palas were often described by opponents as the Lords of Gauda. They were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism


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