. The cost of producing apples in Hood River Valley : a detailed study, made in 1915, of the current-cost factors involved in the maintenance of orchards and the handling of the crop on 54 farms . See fig. 10.) Thebearing orchards under the clean-cultural system often show a de-cided discoloring and early maturity of foliage. This is most notice-able when the orchard tracts of the valley are viewed from one of 28 BULLETIN 518, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the distant hills. One can invariably pick out the orchards underthe two kinds of soil management by the appearance of the foliage,that
. The cost of producing apples in Hood River Valley : a detailed study, made in 1915, of the current-cost factors involved in the maintenance of orchards and the handling of the crop on 54 farms . See fig. 10.) Thebearing orchards under the clean-cultural system often show a de-cided discoloring and early maturity of foliage. This is most notice-able when the orchard tracts of the valley are viewed from one of 28 BULLETIN 518, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the distant hills. One can invariably pick out the orchards underthe two kinds of soil management by the appearance of the foliage,that of the intensively clean cultivated orchards often having a lightyellowish appearance. Lack of irrigation of course has much to dowith this difference, but even irrigation without the addition ofhumus will not long give color and health to a bearing orchard. Theolder the orchard, the more noticeable is the difference in the physicalcondition of the trees under the two systems of management. The average soil of the valley is of such a type that it becomes non-productive after excessive cultivation. This is one reason why theuse of a mulch crop shows results. The costs also show an advantage. Fig. 10.—A clean-cultivated orchard which has never been irrigated. The trees areEsopus and Newtown and are in need of humus or nitrogen. in favor of the mulch crop. The maintenance labor is $ peracre, or $ per box, for the 30 clean-culture orchards. The netlabor cost in the case of the 24 mulch-crop orchards is $ per acre,or $ per box. Thus there is a difference in maintenance laborof $ per acre, or $ per box in favor of the mulch-crop sys-tem. Also yields are higher under the mulch-crop system, and theorchard is more healthy and has a better appearance advantages will undoubtedly become more and more apparentas the system becomes better established in these orchards and hasmore time to show results. In considering the farms studied itwould
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