. Roentgen interpretation; a manual for students and practitioners . ear as strands of increaseddensity. At the apex theii appearance may suggest cavities. Pleural Exudate.—An effusion or empyema usually gives a shadowof extreme density located at the base, obscuring the ribs anddiaphragm with a superior margin which curves upward towardthe chest wall in the axilla, unless pneumothorax is present, when itwill^show a fluid le\el which changes as the patients position is LUNG FIELDS 133 shifted. In the prone position the shadow is uniform throughoutthe chest and often resembles that of thickened
. Roentgen interpretation; a manual for students and practitioners . ear as strands of increaseddensity. At the apex theii appearance may suggest cavities. Pleural Exudate.—An effusion or empyema usually gives a shadowof extreme density located at the base, obscuring the ribs anddiaphragm with a superior margin which curves upward towardthe chest wall in the axilla, unless pneumothorax is present, when itwill^show a fluid le\el which changes as the patients position is LUNG FIELDS 133 shifted. In the prone position the shadow is uniform throughoutthe chest and often resembles that of thickened pleura. If an effu-sion is extensive, there is usually displacement of the heart and greatvessels. The apex is usually clear. In young children fluid mayappear as a dense area along the periphery of the lung field. Encapsulated fluid gives a dense, sharply defined shadow in con-tact with the pleura. It is most common at the base, along theaxillary border or between lobes. When the collection is betweenlung and diaphragm it may simulate subdiaphragmatic Fig. 108.—Pneumothorax, with complete collapse of the left lung. Pneumothorax.—Pneumothorax is characterized by the presencein the periphery of the lung field of an area of greatly increasedradiability from which the lung markings are absent. Its bordersare sharph defined and consist of the walls of the chest cavity andthe margins of the compressed lung. When the pneumothorax iscomplete and there are no adhesions, the lung collapses to a lobu-lated mass at the hilus in which can usually be seen the suggestion
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